Прошедшее совершенное время образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола “had” и третьей формы смыслового глагола (V3):
had + V3
We had cleaned the house before my parents arrived.
They’d finished their work by 6 p.m yesterday.
Чтобы сделать предложение отрицательным, нужно добавить частицу “not” к вспомогательному глаголу “had”:
had + not + V3
Jessica hadn’t booked a table in advance, that's why she couldn’t have dinner at the restaurant.
Mark hadn’t got the laundry off the rack before it started to rain.
Как образуется вопрос?
Общий вопрос: Had + subject + V3?
Had you managed to complete all the tasks before your boss assigned you a new one?
Had he saved enough money before he moved abroad?
Специальный вопрос: Wh- + had + subject + V3?
- She wasn’t there when I arrived. - Why had she left?
- Why had nobody told me about the cancelled meeting? I came to the office just to realize that the door was closed.
Когда используется Past Perfect?
1) Для передачи действия, которое закончилось к определенному моменту в прошлом или до другого действия в прошлом:
The delivery had arrived by 8 p.m yesterday.
The burglars had left before the police arrived. (= The burglars left first and then the police arrived.)
Действие, которое произошло позже, должно стоять в Past Simple.
2) Для передачи действия, которое закончилось в прошлом и результат был виден в прошлом:
My son had cooked breakfast on his own so the kitchen looked messy. (= First, he cooked breakfast and that’s why the kitchen was messy.)
Сравните: My son has cooked breakfast on his own so the kitchen looks messy. (= My son has cooked breakfast and the result is that the kitchen looks messy now.)
